The Pleurae Create One Continuous Cavity for Both Lungs
mediastinum dr.hassan shaibah. chest cavity pleurae & lungs mediastinum pleurae & lungs
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Mediastinum Dr.Hassan Shaibah Slide 2 Chest Cavity Pleurae & lungs Mediastinum pleurae & lungs Slide 3 Mediastinum pleurae & lungs Chest Cavity Slide 4 Mediastinum Slide 5 Extends superiorly to the thoracic outlet,root of the neck &inferiorly to the diaphragm. extends anteriorly to the sternum & posteriorly to the vertebral column. It contains : thymus, trachea, thoracic duct,the heart esophagus, large blood vessels, lymph nodes, vagus & phrenic nerves, & sympathetic trunks. Slide 6 thymus large blood vessels phrenic& vagus nerves Heart trachea Some Contents Mediastinum Slide 7 large blood vessels phrenic& vagus nerves trachea Some Contents Mediastinum esophagus Slide 8 The mediastinum is divided by an imaginary plane passing from sternal angle to the Intervertebral discs T4 & T5 into: 1.superior mediastinum 2.inferior mediastinum Slide 9 Mediastinum Divsion sternal angle superior inferior 4 5 Slide 10 The inferior mediastinum subdivided into: 1.anterior mediastinum, a space between the pericardium and the sternum 2.Middle mediastinum pericardium and heart 3.posterior mediastinum, between pericardium &vertebral column Slide 11 MIDDLE Anterior Posterior * * inferior mediastinum m superior Slide 12 Superior Mediastinum is bounded: front by manubrium sterni behind by first 4 thoracic vertebrae. It contains: (a) Thymus, (b) large veins, (c) large arteries, (d) trachea, (e) esophagus and thoracic duct, (f) nerves Slide 13 1 4 manubrium Slide 14 thymus RT & LT brachiocephalic v. Brachiocephalic Trunk LT common carotid a. nerves Slide 15 5 12 front Body of sternum Inferior Mediastinum Bondries behind lower 8 thoracic vertebrae Slide 16 Inferior Mediastinum It contains: (a) Thymus, (b) heart within the pericardium. (c) phrenic nerves (d) esophagus and thoracic duct, (e) descending aorta (f)Azygous venous system (g) sympathetic trunks Slide 17 1)Thymus 2)heart within the pericardium 3)esophagus Slide 18 4)phrenic nerves Slide 19 5)Descending aorta Slide 20 6)Thoracic duct Slide 21 Sympathetic trunks Slide 22 Anterior mediastinum, a space between the pericardium and the sternum Middle mediastinum pericardium and heart will be discussed with Cardiovascular block Slide 23 Posterior Mediastinum Boundaries:. Ant. pericardium pericardium Inf. diaphragm diaphragm Sup. transverse thoracic planethoracic plane Post. bodies of the vertebral columnvertebral column 5 12 laterally the pleura (on either side)pleura Slide 24 Contents 1)Descending aorta Slide 25 3)Thoracic duct 2)Azygos venous system Slide 26 Sympathetic trunks Slide 27 9)vagus nerve Vagal plexus Slide 28 Contents artery descending thoracic aorta Veins azygos vein the sup. & inf. hemiazygos vein nerves vagus nerve Sympathetic trunks esophagus thoracic duct Slide 29 Slide 30 Azygos Venous system: consist of: 1.azygos v. 3)Inferior hemiazygos v. 2)superior hemiazygos v. Slide 31 They drain blood from: posterior intercostal spaces posterior abdominal wall pericardium diaphragm bronchi esophagus. Slide 32 Azygos Vein formed by union of: Azygos V. 1)right subcostal v. 2)right ascending lumbar v. T5 SVC IVC Slide 33 Tributaries: 8 lower right posterior intercostal v. RT superior intercostal v. Mediastinal veins. Superior hemiazygos veins. Inferior hemiazygos veins Slide 34 1)Azygos Vein formed by union of the right ascending lumbar vein and the right subcostal vein. b. It ascends through aortic opening in the diaphragm on the right side of the aorta to the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra. Arch over the root of the right lung to empty into the SVC e. The azygos vein tributaries are: a. The 8 lower right posterior intercostal veins. b. The right superior intercostal vein. c. The superior and inferior hemiazygos veins. d. Mediastinal veins. Slide 35 Inferior Hemiazygos Vein It is formed by the union of the left ascending lumbar vein & left subcostal vein. It ascends through the left crus of the diaphragm at T8. turns to the right and joins the azygos vein. It receives as tributaries some lower left intercostal veins and mediastinal veins. Slide 36 Superior Hemiazygos Vein It is formed by the union of the 4 to the 8 intercostal veins. It joins the azygos vein at the level of the T7. Slide 37 Mediastinum lymph Lymph nodes draining the lungs, mediastinal structures empty into the : bronchomediastinal trunks & thoracic duct. Slide 38 Thoracic Duct begins in the abdomen as a dilated sac (cisterna chyli) Asend to the root of the neck to empty into beginning of the left Brachiocephalic vein cisterna chyli left Brachiocephalic v. Slide 39 At the root of the neck, the thoracic duct receives:. 1)left jugular trunk 2)LT Subclavian trunk 3) broncho- mediastinal lymph trunks. Slide 40 Slide 41 The thoracic duct carries lymph from: i. The lower limbs. ii. The pelvic cavity. iii. The abdominal cavity. vi. The left side of the thorax. v. The left side of the head, neck. vi. The left arm. Slide 42 Slide 43 Right Lymphatic Duct formed by: It opens into beginning Right brachiocephalic vein. 1)RT jugular 2)RT subclavian 3)bronchomedia stinal trunks Slide 44 Slide 45 Thoracic Part of the Sympathetic Trunk 1. continuous above with the cervical and below with the lumbar parts of the sympathetic trunk. 2. It is the most laterally placed structure in the mediastinum. 3. It runs downward on the heads of the ribs. 4. It leaves the thorax on the side of the body of the T12 by passing behind the medial arcuate ligament. Slide 46 5.. The sympathetic trunk has 12 (often only 11) segmentally arranged ganglia, each with white and gray ramus communicans passing to the corresponding spinal nerve. 6. The first ganglion is often fused with the inferior cervical ganglion to form the stellate ganglion. Slide 47 Slide 48 Slide 49 Slide 50 Slide 51 Slide 52 Slide 53 Slide 54 Slide 55 Slide 56 Slide 57 Slide 58 Slide 59 1. The thymus is a flattened, bilobed structure. 2. It lies between the sternum & pericardium in the anterior mediastinum. 3. In newborn infant, it reaches its largest size so it may extend up through the superior mediastinum in front of the great vessels into the root of the neck. 4. It continues to grow until puberty but thereafter undergoes involution Thymus Slide 60 5. It has a pink, lobulated appearance. 6. It is the site for development of T (thymic) lymphocytes. Blood Supply The blood supply of the thymus is from the inferior thyroid & internal thoracic arteries. Slide 61 Large Veins of the Thorax 1. Brachiocephalic Veins: a.The right brachiocephalic vein is formed by union of right subclavian & right internal jugular veins. begins posterior to the sternoclavicular joint of the right clavicle, and descends almost vertically to join the left brachiocephalic vein, forming superior vena cava Its tributaries vertebral, internal thoracic, inferior thyroid sometimes the first right posterior intercostal veins. Slide 62 b. The left brachiocephalic vein. It is formed by the union of the left subclavian and the right internal jugular veins. begins posterior to the sternoclavicular joint of left clavicle * It passes obliquely behind the manubrium sterni and in front of the large branches of the aortic arch. * sternal end of the first right costal cartilage it joins the right brachiocephalic vein to form the superior vena cava Its tributaries vertebral, internal thoracic, inferior thyroid, superior intercostal, sometimes the first left posterior intercostal, thymic and pericardial veins. Slide 63 2. Superior Vena Cava: It contains all the venous blood from head and neck and both upper limbs. It is formed by the union of the two brachiocephalic veins. It passes downward to end in the right atrium of the heart. The azygos vein joins the posterior aspect of the superior vena cava just before it enters the pericardium. Slide 64 Slide 65
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