The City of Fort Lauderdale Is Once Again Under Fire

The history of Fort Lauderdale, Florida began more than than four,000 years agone with the inflow of the first aboriginal natives, and later with the Tequesta Indians, who inhabited the surface area for more than a thousand years. Though control of the area changed among Spain, England, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, information technology remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century. The beginning settlement in the area was the site of a massacre at the outset of the 2nd Seminole State of war, an effect which precipitated the abandonment of the settlement and set back development in the expanse by over 50 years. The offset United states of america stockade named Fort Lauderdale was built in 1838, and subsequently was a site of fighting during the 2d Seminole War. The fort was abased in 1842, after the finish of the war, and the area remained nearly unpopulated until the 1890s.

The Fort Lauderdale area was known every bit the "New River Settlement" prior to the 20th century. While a few pioneer families lived in the area since the late 1840s, it was not until the Florida East Coast Railroad built tracks through the surface area in the mid-1890s that whatsoever organized development began. The city was incorporated in 1911, and in 1915 was designated the county seat of newly formed Broward Canton.^[i]

Fort Lauderdale's starting time major development began in the 1920s, during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The 1926 Miami Hurricane and the Bang-up Depression of the 1930s caused a nifty bargain of economic dislocation. When World War Two began, Fort Lauderdale became a major Usa Navy base, with a Naval Air Station to railroad train pilots, radar and burn down control operator preparation schools, and a Coast Baby-sit base at Port Everglades. After the war ended, service members returned to the area, spurring an enormous population explosion which dwarfed the 1920s boom. In the 1970s, Ft. Lauderdale beach became a mecca for runaways and a group of approximately 60-150 runaways formed a group called "The Family",.Most resorted to petty crimes to support themselves and others.^[2] Today, Fort Lauderdale is a major yachting center, one of the nation's biggest tourist destinations, and the heart of a metropolitan division of 1.viii million people.

Prior to 1820 [edit]

Frankee Lewis lands, New River Settlement

Archaeological prove indicates that the kickoff natives in the Broward Canton surface area arrived approximately 4,000 years agone.^[3] At the time of initial European exploration, the area was occupied by the Tequesta tribe of Native Americans. Contact past Spanish explorers beginning in the 16th century proved disastrous for native tribes, including the Tequesta, every bit the Europeans unwittingly brought with them diseases to which the native populations possessed no resistance, such as smallpox. For the Tequesta, disease, coupled with standing conflict with their Calusa neighbors, contributed greatly to their turn down over the next 2 centuries.^[iv] By 1763, there were only a few Tequesta left in Florida, and nigh of them were evacuated to Cuba when the Spanish ceded Florida to the British in 1763, under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which concluded the Seven Years' War.^[3] Bernard Romans reported sighting many abandoned Tequesta villages when he visited the area in the 1770s.^[5] Subsequently, Florida returned to Castilian control under the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which ended the American Revolutionary War.

In the early 18th century, Creek Indians had moved downward from Alabama and joined the Oconee, themselves contempo immigrants from Georgia; together, they formed the core of the Seminole tribe.^[v] Settlements by the English, and later Americans, gradually pushed the Seminoles southward. In 1788, roughly the same time that the Seminoles began to arrive in what was eventually to go Broward County, 2 families arrived and set upward homes forth the New River—the Lewis family and the Robbins family, who had arrived in Florida from the Commonwealth of the bahamas.^[4]

1820-1892 [edit]

Nether the terms of the Adams-Onís Treaty, ratified in 1821 betwixt Spain and the Usa, Florida was ceded to the United states in exchange for U.S. forfeiture of a $5 million debt owed past Spain.^[6] Florida became a U.South. Territory in 1821.^[six] Past 1830, the de facto leader among the approximately 70 people living at the "New River Settlement" (present day Fort Lauderdale) was William Cooley. Cooley was appointed past Governor William Pope Duval every bit Justice of the Peace for the region.^[7]

In 1835, white settlers killed a Seminole main named Alibama and burned his hut in a dispute. Every bit Justice of Peace, Cooley jailed the settlers, but they were released later on a hearing at the Monroe County Court in Key Due west; the justification was insufficient prove. The Seminoles blamed Cooley, saying he withheld evidence. The growing uneasiness betwixt the Seminoles and the whites led to the Seminole migration to the Lake Okeechobee surface area.^[8] On 28 December 1835, a Seminole ambush known as the Dade Massacre started the 2nd Seminole War.^[6]

On 3 January 1836, Cooley led a large shipwrecking trek from the settlement to costless the Gil Blas, a ship that had beached the previous September; the calibration of the operation required well-nigh of the settlement'south able men.^[8] The following mean solar day, a group of 15 to twenty Seminoles invaded the Cooley house, killed Cooley's wife and children, scalped the children's tutor, and burned the house to the basis.^{[viii] [9]} Although the Indians did not attack any other families, the massacre triggered the departure of the white settlers from the area.^[x] During the 2nd Seminole War, Major William Lauderdale led his Tennessee Volunteers into the surface area. In 1838, Lauderdale erected a fort on the New River at the site of the modernistic city of Fort Lauderdale (where SW 9th Avenue meets SW 4th Courtroom). Lauderdale left afterwards one month, but his proper name remained. The Seminoles destroyed the fort a few months afterwards.^[11] 2 more than forts were built sequentially, each closer to the sea.^[12] After the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842, the fort was abandoned, and the area remained largely empty, as the remaining Seminoles withdrew to Pine Island (near nowadays-day Hollywood Seminole Indian Reservation),^[13] and only a handful of settlers were known to live in all of what somewhen became Broward County.^[14] While the area was technically a part of the Confederacy during the US Ceremonious State of war, the merely known white settlers in the surface area during the war was pro-unionist Isaiah Hall and his family unit, who had been run out of Miami by pro-confederacy sympathizers in 1863, and settled on the New River.^[10]

As in that location was no overland road into or out of the expanse, no pregnant settlement was undertaken until the 1890s. In 1892, however, the first road through the county was congenital, when a road was constructed from Lemon City, a settlement nearly the town of Miami, to Lantana, on the southern shore of Lake Worth, in Palm Embankment County. A ferry crossing was established across the New River.

1893-1925 [edit]

Will Stranahan (Frank's brother) with Seminole Indians

In 1893 a young Ohioan named Frank Stranahan arrived to operate the ferry across the New River; he built a house that served every bit the first trading mail service, post office, banking company and hotel in the area. He later built three more houses on the original site along present-solar day U.South. 1, the last of which was constructed in 1901. That house stands today every bit a museum and is Broward County's oldest continuing construction. In 1896, the Florida Due east Declension Railway (FEC) extended its line southward from West Palm Beach to Miami, with a station in Fort Lauderdale. The first railroad train stopped in Fort Lauderdale on 22 February 1896.^[iv] Further development was spurred by the construction of the get-go machine span beyond the New River in 1904.^[fifteen]

Fort Lauderdale was incorporated in 1911. In 1915, it became the county seat of the newly established Broward County, which as well consisted of the incorporated towns of Dania, Deerfield, Hallandale, and Pompano (all four towns later added "Beach" to their names) and the unincorporated settlement of Davie.^[1] The beginning demography after the city'southward incorporation, the 1920 census, documented a population of two,065.^[16] In 1920, construction of the first canals in the urban center began, immigration the mangroves and creating the first "finger islands" that became synonymous with the urban center.^[x]

In February 1925, a state-commissioned census recorded 5,625 people in Fort Lauderdale,^[15] and a real-manor boom was in progress in Due south Florida. While the country rush was focused on the Miami area, communities throughout the region, including Fort Lauderdale, Pompano Beach and Boca Raton were swept upwards in the speculative buying frenzy. A census undertaken by the city during the starting time week of December 1925 counted a population of fifteen,315, an increase of 300% in less than 10 months.^[fifteen]

By the end of the year, nonetheless, the region'southward infrastructure, unable to cope with the sudden influx, began to fissure under the strain. Faced with a supply of materials which far exceeded its aircraft capacity, the FEC instituted an embargo on shipping on 18 August 1925, restricting send to fuel, petroleum, livestock, and perishable goods. On 29 Oct, all shipments except foodstuffs were eliminated, in an effort to reduce the transport backlog the railroad was experiencing.^[17]

1926-1945 [edit]

Smugglers being captured in Fort Lauderdale, 1926

The Florida land boom complanate in 1926. At that fourth dimension, the only methods of bringing supplies into the area were on the FEC's single track or through the Port of Miami, as Port Everglades was non withal completed. On 10 January 1926, the schooner Prinz Valdemar sank in the aqueduct of the Port of Miami, trapping xi vessels and effectively blockading the port until 29 February, when the Army Corps of Engineers dug a new channel around the capsized vessel.^[17] Existent estate firms solely financed by continuous development began to fail, and the fiscal crisis began to extend to larger developers. The Miami Hurricane of 1926, with the highest sustained winds always recorded in the state of Florida,^[18] was the concluding accident. Fort Lauderdale suffered extensive damage from the hurricane, which killed 50 people and destroyed an estimated 3500 structures in the metropolis.^[xviii] In Feb 1928, Port Everglades was opened.^[10]

The city had just begun to recover from the 1926 hurricane when another devastating hurricane struck, this time to the n, in Palm Beach County. The 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane but slightly damaged Fort Lauderdale, but the enormous death price contributed to the perception that Florida was non the paradise that had been promoted by developers. When the Nifty Low struck in 1929, information technology had little effect on the city, which was already in a depression from the real estate chimera flare-up 3 years earlier.^[xix]

While the collapse of the land boom and the depression had reversed the sharp growth of 1925, the population of the city began to grow at a moderate pace. In 1930, in that location were 8666 people in the city.^[20] That number had risen to 17,996 by 1940.^[21]

The United States did not enter World War Two until 1941, but Fort Lauderdale felt the upshot of the war sooner than nearly of the remainder of the country. In December 1939, a British cruiser chased the German freighter Arauca into Port Everglades, where she remained until the US seized her in 1941, when Federal republic of germany declared state of war on the US.^[4]

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the U.s.a.' subsequent entry into the war had almost immediate effects on the city. Blackouts were imposed, and several allied vessels were torpedoed by High german U-boats, including at to the lowest degree i ship within sight of the shoreline. The first Medal of Laurels recipient in Globe State of war II was a graduate of Fort Lauderdale High School;^[22] Second Lieutenant Alexander R. Nininger Jr. was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor on 29 January 1942 for his actions on 12 January 1942 in Abucay, Bataan, Philippines, during the Japanese invasion.^[23]

By mid-1942, the United states Navy had converted Merle Fogg Field into Naval Air Station Fort Lauderdale, and had constructed two satellite landing fields, one at W Prospect Field, and the other in Pompano Beach (which subsequently became Pompano Beach Airpark, home of one of the Goodyear Blimps). By the end of the war, the station had trained thousands of Navy pilots, including futurity congressman, United nations Ambassador, Director of Fundamental Intelligence, and President of the United States George H. West. Bush-league.^[24] Additional facilities in the city included radar and range finding schools and a base at Port Everglades.^[25] On 5 December 1945, the five planes of Flight nineteen departed on a routine preparation mission from NAS Fort Lauderdale and were never seen once again.^[26] It is presumed that the flight leader became disoriented and led the other planes out of range of land, causing the planes to run out of fuel and crash, just no wreckage has been found. The foreign disappearance of the flight and the coincidental explosion which destroyed Training 49, a plane involved in a search for the missing squadron, contributed to the Bermuda Triangle myth.^[27]

1945–1961 [edit]

Fort Lauderdale's downtown skyline in 2006

In 1946, the Navy decommissioned its airfields in the expanse; NAS Fort Lauderdale became Broward County International Airport (after Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Aerodrome) and West Prospect Field became Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport, the eleventh-busiest general aviation drome in the land.^[28]

I year subsequently, the 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane, an unusually large (120 mile radius) Category iv hurricane, came ashore just north of the urban center, causing extensive impairment due to flooding. Earlier storms that twelvemonth had saturated the basis, and the tremendous rainfall from this slow-moving storm left the metropolis (and much of the country) under several inches of water for weeks.^[29]

In the 1950s, the city became a favorite destination for higher students for spring break, a tradition immortalized in the 1960 film Where the Boys Are. Every year in February, March, and Apr, tens of thousands of college students would come to relax at the beaches and political party at the many bars along A1A.

Desegregation of Ft. Lauderdale's beaches [edit]

Starting in 1946, black residents, including the Negro Professional and Business Man's League and Dr. Von D. Mizell, requested that the County designate "a public bathing embankment for colored people in Broward County";^{[thirty] : 21–22} they were not permitted at any public embankment in the canton, although they were tolerated on the privately endemic beaches north of Ft. Lauderdale until 1953.^{[30] : 21, 24} Cypher was done most a "colored embankment" until 1954, when the county caused land for the beach, today Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson State Park, merely it was only attainable by boat and for several years in that location were no tables or residuum rooms. A bridge and access road were constructed after eleven more years, in 1965.^{[30] : 43}

In the meantime, to some extent inspired by the release of Where the Boys Are at the beginning of 1961, frustrated African-American residents, led by Eula Johnson, President of the Broward NAACP chapter, and Dr. Von D. Mizell, conducted a serial of "wade-ins" (see sit-ins) on Ft. Lauderdale beaches between July 4 and August 8, 1961. The city of Fort Lauderdale sued them and the NAACP, seeking an injunction to force them to stop "beach wade-in disruptions". Johnson received death threats, and offers of cash and other privileges if she would finish the wade-ins, which she refused to practice. In 1962 a judge ruled against the city, and since then Ft. Lauderdale'southward beaches take been desegregated.^{[30] [31]}

1962–present [edit]

The 1960 Census counted 83,648 people in the metropolis, near 230% of the 1950 effigy.^[32] A 1967 study estimated that the metropolis was approximately 85% developed,^[29] and the 1970 population figure was 139,590^[33] After 1970, every bit Fort Lauderdale became essentially built out, growth in the area shifted to suburbs to the west. As cities such every bit Coral Springs, Miramar, and Pembroke Pines experienced explosive growth, Fort Lauderdale's population stagnated, and the metropolis really shrank past nigh four,000 people between 1980, when the metropolis had 153,279 people,^[34] and 1990, when the population was 149,377.^[35] A slight rebound brought the population back up to 152,397 at the 2000 census.^[36] Since 2000, Fort Lauderdale has gained slightly over xviii,000 residents through looting of vii neighborhoods in unincorporated Broward County.^[37]

"Spring break-ers" no longer welcome [edit]

After a rowdy 1985 leap break season, in which an estimated 350,000 college tourists acquired disruption for several weeks in the bound, the city passed a serial of restrictive laws in an effort to reduce the mayhem caused by the jump interruption throngs, and the mayor, Robert Dressler, appeared on Good Morning America to tell college students they were not welcome whatever longer in Fort Lauderdale. Overnight parking was banned nigh the beach and an open up-container constabulary prohibiting the consumption of alcohol in public places was enacted. The following spring, the city denied MTV a permit to fix their phase on the beach, and approximately 2,500 people were arrested as the new laws were strictly enforced.^[38] In 1985, 350,000 higher students spent almost $110 million during the nine-week bound break flavor; past 2004, 700,000 visitors, mostly families or European tourists, spent $800 million during the same period.^[39] By 2006, the number of college students visiting for spring break was estimated at approximately x,000.^[twoscore]

Riverwalk projection [edit]

Beginning in 1986, with the passage of a bond issue, the city of Fort Lauderdale began an aggressive effort to connect the city'due south arts and entertainment district, the historic downtown expanse, and the Las Olas shopping and embankment district, and to shake its long-standing reputation as a cultural wasteland and college-student political party town. The centerpiece of the cultural renaissance was the Riverwalk project, which runs along the New River from the Broward Center for the Performing Arts to the Stranahan Business firm, with work in progress to extend the walk to Las Olas Boulevard.^[41] The Museum of Art | Fort Lauderdale, which moved into its current location in 1986, and the Museum of Discovery and Science, which opened in its current location in 1992, are cornerstones of the Riverwalk project. A number of upscale loftier-rise residential towers along the river have encouraged the evolution of high-finish shopping and amusement throughout the downtown expanse.

Airdrome shooting [edit]

The Fort Lauderdale airport shooting resulted in 5 deaths.

Run across also [edit]

• Fort Lauderdale, Florida
• Timeline of Fort Lauderdale, Florida
• South Florida metropolitan surface area
• Broward County, Florida
• History of Florida
• New River, Broward Canton, FL

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "The Cosmos of Broward Canton: Victory in Tallahassee" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Committee). 11 (three and 4): half-dozen–viii. 1988. Retrieved 2007-07-02 .
2. ^ "Ft.Lauderdales'due south Children of the Night". Tropic Magazine. Miami Herald. October 9, 1977.
3. ^ ^{a b} Hughes, Kenneth J (1993). "3 Tequesta and Seminole hunting camps on the edge of the Everglades" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Committee). 16 (3 and iv): 31–42. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
4. ^ ^{a b c d} McGoun, Bill (1978). "A History of Broward County" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Commission). 2 (3 and 4): fifteen–22. Retrieved 2007-07-03 .
5. ^ ^{a b} Bullen, Adelaide (1965). "24:Florida Indians of Past and Present". In Carson, Ruby; Tebeau, Charlton (eds.). Florida From Indian Trail to Space Age: A History. Southern Publishing Visitor. p. 331. OCLC 1414052.
6. ^ ^{a b c} "Exploring Florida:The Seminole Wars". Florida Center for Instructional Applied science, Higher of Education, University of Southward Florida. 2002. Retrieved 2008-01-22 .
7. ^ "Coastal History". Vone Research. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2007-07-03 .
8. ^ ^{a b c} Kirk, Cooper (1976). "William Cooley:Broward'southward Legend" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Commission). 1 (1): 12–20. Retrieved 2007-06-26 .
9. ^ "1" (PDF). A truthful and authentic account of the Indian war in Florida (PDF). New York: Saunders & Van Welt. 1836. pp. x–11. Retrieved 2007-06-25 . ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
10. ^ ^{a b c d} "Broward County Historical Commission Timeline". Broward County Historical Commission. Archived from the original on 2007-04-27. Retrieved 2007-06-21 .
11. ^ Butler, Stuart (1981). "Records in the Military Archives Segmentation Which Relate to South Florida" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Committee). 4 (1 and 2): xi–twenty. Retrieved 2007-07-15 .
12. ^ Camp, Paul Eugen (1978). "Boredom, Brandy, and Bickering:Garrison Life at Fort Lauderdale, 1839-1841" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Commission). two (ane and 2): 7–12. Retrieved 2007-07-15 .
13. ^ Covington, James West. (1993). The Seminoles of Florida. Gainesville, Florida: University Printing of Florida. pp. 147, 156–57. ISBN0-8130-1196-five.
14. ^ Knetch, Joe (1988). "A 2nd ending: Broward in the Indian scare of 1849" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward Canton Historical Commission). 11 (3 and 4): 22–24. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
15. ^ ^{a b c} Kirk, Cooper (1985). "Foundations of Broward County Waterways" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Committee). 8 (1 and 2): 2–18. Retrieved 2007-07-14 .
16. ^ "Fourteenth Census of the Us" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 99. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
17. ^ ^{a b} Carson, Carmine; Tebeau, Charlton, eds. (1965). "29:The Xix Twenties: Boom-Bust-Hurricanes". Florida From Indian Trail to Space Age: A History. Southern Publishing Company. pp. 59–60. OCLC 1414052.
18. ^ ^{a b} "Acme 10 Atmospheric condition Events-Broward County". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2008-04-18. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
19. ^ "A Cursory History of Florida: The Slap-up Depression in Florida". Florida Section of State, Partitioning of Cultural and Historical Programs. Retrieved 2008-12-13 .
20. ^ "Fifteenth Demography of the Usa—1930—Population" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 129. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
21. ^ "Sixteenth Census of the United States—1940—Population" (PDF). United States Demography Bureau. p. 139. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
22. ^ "Fundamental club 2007-2008 guidebook: Sandy Nininger Medal" (PDF). Kiwanis International. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-07-15 .
23. ^ "Earth State of war Ii Congressional Medal of Honor Recipient 2nd Lt. Alexander R. Nininger Jr., US Regular army". Americans.cyberspace. Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-07-05 .
24. ^ "Lieutenant Inferior Form George Bush, USNR". Section of the Navy, Navy Historical Lodge. Archived from the original on 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2007-07-05 .
25. ^ George, Paul Southward. (1991). "Submarines and Soldiers: Fort Lauderdale in World War II" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Committee). 14 (1 and 2): ii–xiv. Retrieved 2007-07-05 .
26. ^ McGreevey, Mary (1995). "Missing Flight 19: An Enigma" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Commission). eighteen (1 and 2): 2–x. Retrieved 2007-07-15 .
27. ^ Rosenberg, Howard 50 (June 1974). "Exorcizing the Devil's Triangle". Sealift (vi): 11–15.
28. ^ "Florida Customs Airports: Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport" (PDF). Continuing Florida Aviation Systems Planning Process. June 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-22 .
29. ^ ^{a b} George, Paul Due south. (1991). "Downtown Fort Lauderdale: Its Demise and Renaissance in the Mail-War Era" (PDF). Broward Legacy (Broward County Historical Commission). 14 (three and iv): nine–19. Retrieved 2007-07-17 .
30. ^ ^{a b c d} Crawford, Jr., William 1000. (2007). "The Long Hard Fight for Equal Rights: A History of Broward County's Colored Beach and the Fort Lauderdale Beach 'Wade-ins' of the Summer of 1961" (PDF). Tequesta. Vol. 67. pp. xix–49.
31. ^ Joseph, Teresa (Feb two, 2018). "Ceremonious Rights Activist Eula Johnson's 'Wade-Ins' Concluded Segregation in Fort Lauderdale Beach". WTVJ (NBCMiami).
32. ^ "Census of Population:1960 Florida-Book I Part 11" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. pp. 11–nine. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
33. ^ "1970 Demography of Population" (PDF). U.s.a. Demography Agency. pp. eleven–12. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
34. ^ "1980 Census of Population" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. pp. 11–20. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
35. ^ "General Population and Housing Characteristics, 1990". United States Census Agency. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
36. ^ "Fact Sheet-Fort Lauderdale city, Florida". United States Demography Bureau. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2007-07-01 .
37. ^ "Broward by the Numbers:Unincorporated Broward" (PDF). Broward County Planning Services Division. Dec 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2007-07-15 .
38. ^ Weber, Janelle (30 March 2001). "Fort Lauderdale says goodbye to wild, youthful spring breaks". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-15 .
39. ^ Pigg, Susan (3 March 2005). "A Urban center Grows Up". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-xv .
40. ^ Malernee, Jamie (5 March 2006). "Rising Cost of Hotels, Food a Buzz Kill for Leap Breakers". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-xv .
41. ^ "Riverwalk Fort Lauderdale Trust-Nigh Usa". Riverwalk Fort Lauderdale Trust. Archived from the original on 2007-04-03. Retrieved 2007-07-15 .

Bibliography [edit]

Farther reading [edit]

• George, Paul S. (1989). "Land past the gallon: The Florida Fruitlands Company and the Progresso Land Lottery of 1911" (PDF). South Florida History Magazine. No. 2. pp. 8–9.

External links [edit]

• Fort Lauderdale Historical Club official website

choatebroateretted.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida

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